ABCL CONLANG

CONSTRUCTED LANGUAGE AYBAYCONLANG (ABCL)

“AyBayConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022. It is designed to be an international auxlang (it means, a language which can be learned and spoken by common people all over the world, not a phantastic one for special purposes). It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too. Inflectional affixes are suffixes for the tense-aspect only. There are no stem changes at all. Possessive noun phrases are usually dependent with the possessive suffix on the possessor. Negation and plural are marked by suffixes also. Clauses have no marking. Prefixes have been utilized for modal verbs only (consisting of one consonant). A kind of reduplication has been used partially only for the derivation of the noun-gerund from the verbs.

The reason for the creation of ABCL is:

A) A language for easy learning as foreign language for the mass of people

This will be achieved by the classification of the words in logical groups and a unique system of association/evocation/hints for easy memorizing of the words in the existing background knowledge using linguistic clues. (25 to 45 percent of learners rely on this approach acc. to VLS -Vocabulary Learning Strategy)

B) A contex should be described as short as possible also for saving printing papier:

This will be achieved by creation of the vocabulary with less letters as possible (e.g. adverbs and conjunctions consist of two letters, root verbs, adjectives and prepositions of three letters and nouns of five letters only).

Living world languages are difficult to learn also because of many irregularities, ambiguities and of grammatical rules of differing complexity or even because of having no rules. Most of the conlangs aim to be easy learnable international auxiliary language (IAL) by avoiding them. Accordingly, such a conlang –to be easy and simple- should fulfil the following conditions:

Introducing logical rules in grammar, which should be however as little as possible. The object noun, even if pronoun, will not be marked/declined for accusative, dative and locative (as in Chinese). It will be distinguished by the placing order in the clause and also predefined by the verb (s. Syntax). If and where required, preposition may be apllied (as in English).
High degree of unambiguity. It means that each word has exactly one grammatical interpretation. Their grammatical relation to each other should beIntroducing logical rules in grammar, which should be however as little as possible. The object noun, even if pronoun, will not be marked/declined for accusative, dative and locative (as in Chinese). It will be distinguished by the placing order in the clause and also predefined by the verb (s. Syntax). If and where required, preposition may be applied (as in English).
High degree of unambiguity. It means that each word has exactly one grammatical interpretation. Their grammatical relation to each other should be exactly defined.
The vocabulary should be memorized easily. For that, the words shall be classified in predefined, clearly distinguishable classes but not very taxonomic though. It should include ways of evocation-bridges to English equivalent words (because the lexicon logically to be Conlang-English and vice versa) as reminder-hints to already memorized but disremembered words.
Phonologically, it should be avoided to define a different word by aspiration, shortening, lengthening, and stressing or accenting a phoneme, consonant or vowel.
For the ease of utterance and fluency the diphthong and double consonants (clustering) in a syllable shall be avoided.
The words shall be as short as possible for short expressions and for saving printing paper. exactly defined.
The vocabulary should be memorized easily. For that, the words shall be classified in predefined, clearly distinguishable classes but not very taxonomic though . It should include ways of connotation-bridges to English equivalent words (because the lexicon logically to be Conlang-English and vice versa) as reminder-hints to already memorized but disremembered words.
Phonologically, it should be avoided to define a different word by aspiration, shortening, lengthening, and stressing or accenting a phoneme, consonant or vowel.
For the ease of utterance and fluency the diphthong and double consonants (clustering) in a syllable shall be avoided.
The words shall be as short as possible for short expressions and for saving printing paper.

ABCL is built up in two levels. The basic one (Level 1) is for normal use (about B2 level of CEFR) and the second level (Level 2) is for the full utilization of all aspects for higher purposes like printed papers and literature.

ABCL tries to achieve these goals by:

Clearly defined syntax (SVO), fixed order of affixes, simple and reduced number of tenses, moods, aspects if compared with the most of the living languages.
ABCL defines for Level 1 basic (root) words with one interpretation only. Other words with closer variable meaning (nuances) will be expressed by addition of suitable adverbial or other particles. Words not defined as root word but required for speech, can be easily created (even during speech) by the easy-simple word derivation rules of ABCL for Level 1. For Level 2 such words, if frequently used, may be defined as root word (i.e., to be memorized additionally) too.
Words are created according to a certain scheme systematically as detailed below (Title: Vocabulary) Thus a learner can easily identify with this scheme which role a word in the sentence play (adverb, noun etc.) without knowing its meaning before. Except root verbs (and these except after conjugation), adverbs and those words negated by suffix “x”, all words end up on a vowel.
This scheme avoids diphthongs and clusters too, with three exemptions only (the modal prefix, plural and verb transforming /modal suffix in combination with passive suffix “_n” and antonym suffix _x”. Example: lav.e.n.x.r- (un)expected(ly), where “r” is adverbial suffix. The word will be written as “lavenxr” but spoken as “laveniksir”, inserting a short pronounced “i, e or ı” between consonants in cluster.)
ABCL relies up on the Turkish alphabet and orthography and follows the principle “one letter per sound.” Turkish alphabet had been developed 1928 entirely new up on the principle “one sign one sound”.

Because the adverbs, adjectives, conjunctives, prepositions and pronouns are the most used words in many languages we have created such words as two and three letter words. This way ABCL needs about half of the characters of English language to express the same content. That means, we could save half of the pages of a book written in English and so on.

If main goal of a conlang is to be learnable easily, beside above-mentioned items, one very important point should be considered while developing it. It is the fact, that such a language will be learned as foreign language by English speakers (normally and generally), with other words it will and must be based at the English lexicon. If it is so, then it will be easier to have some relation-evocation-hint to English words and also grammar. Therefore, I have created the ABCL vocabulary with a kind of bridging to English words. (Just one example for what I mean: “age” is ABCL adjective for “gentle”. The last two letters of “age” are corresponding to the first two letters of “gentle” (age-gentle). So it will be a hint to re-remember a word learned but forgotten after a short time. (In some cases (e.g. “title BODY” the logical word creation seemed to be more reasonable; accordingly I did not utilize for it the “relation-evocation-hint to English” approach.) Beside this, some grammatical principals made similar to English (e.g. subordinated/dependent/relative clauses) for the ease of learning by English speakers (i.e. all learners) without losing main principals listed above out of sight.

Here are some guidelines for easy understanding of the following text: (where “C” indicates consonants and “V” vowels) The sign “*” attached to a “V”(V*) or “C”(C*) indicates that the vowels in the tables vary from “a” to “ü” and the consonants from “b” to “z” respectively. The sign “#” is a placeholder for a varying vowel or consonant. The point “.” between syllables of ABCL words is used to indicate an affix. It is just a demo to make the role of the suffixes clearer in this article. It will not be applied in normal usage of the language.

ORTHOGRAPHY

ABCL exploits all eight vowels available in some languages, but without lengthening and lowering them. Besides the common vowels “a, e, i, o, u”, also “ö and ü” (from German for example) and “ı” (ɯ- close back unrounded vowel, which is not common in ABC’s), will be utilized. The letter “ı” is very common in Turkish. It is not difficult in pronunciation at all, even though it seems so for outsiders. Although it doesn’t exist in English ABC, it can be heard very often in daily talks, for example in words ending with “_tion” like “station”, which would be written in ABCL as “steyşın” or even as “sıteyşın”. The first “ı” may not be distinguished (as in clusters “st”) but the second one is articulated also in English lengthened and stressed. Even though ABCL could abstain theoretically from using it in case of nouns, where we have huge possibility of the word creation without depending on the utilization of ”ı” (and others as the consonant “j” for example), in some cases however (like verbs) they are needed for the creation of the sufficient numbers of the root words. Close-nuanced sounds of the vowel “e” (like a-umlaut in German) have been also dismissed.

ABCL uses 20 consonants, however only 18 will be utilized generally. These 18 include also the consonants “ç” and “ş” (English digraphs ch and sh). The “w” has been omitted for sounding very close to “v” and “q” close to “k or g”. The “j”, itself sounding as in the French word “je”, has been included for marking the questions, numerals and a few verbs and adjectives. Besides, this letter may be necessary for the second level of ABCL, if there is a shortage in the creation of CV and VC type ‘two letters’ particles (prepositions/conjunctions and adverbs) in the Level 2.

The last questionable consonant used here seldom (for ordinal numbers only), is “ğ” which sounds like “gh” in “though” in English. “X” sounds same as in English and used for negations/ antonyms only, mostly at the end of the word it modifies. Below is the complete table of the spelling pronunciation with other examples.

ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION

Letter	Example in English	Letter	Example in English	Letter	Example in English
a	as in father	k	as in cop	v	as in village, vertical
b	as in below	l	as in length	y	as in bay, yes (/j/)
c	as in jungle, jar (/d͡ʒ/)	m	as in measure	z	as in zero, zodiac
ç	as in CHair, challenge (/t͡ʃ/)	n	as in nice	x	“iks” or, -if follows a vowel- “ks” as in six/sex
d	as in dark	o	as in pore
e	as in bed	ö	as in sir, German ö
f	as in friend	p	as in piece
g	as in dog, grind	r	as in rice
ğ	as in though (/ɣ/)	s	as in sick
h	as in hallo, has	ş	as in SHade (/ʃ/)
ı	as in open (/ɯ/)	t	as in tip
i	as in meet	u	as in today
J	as in measure (/ʒ/)	ü	as in fusion

IPA pronunciatios of the letters not existing or different in English are given in brackets.

ABCL as a conlang does not rely on the exact pronunciation of the letters. The nuances in pronunciation are not important for correct understanding and differentiation of words. Words are constructed such a way that it is not sensitive to the diversions such as aspect and accenting. But it is essential to stress the vowels in V, VC, CV, VCV, CVC formations and the second vowel in CVCCV and longer formations for the better understanding of the word, when they are distinguished only by one vowel or consonant.

PHONOLOGY

Consonants

		Labial/Bilabial	Dental/Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	ç (t͡ʃ)		k (c)
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	c (d͡ʒ)	g (ɟ)	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ş (ʃ)		x
Fricative	voiced	v	z	j (ʒ)
Approximant		v	l (ɫ)	l	y (j)	ı (ɯ)	ğ (ɤ̞ɯ̞)
Flap			r (ɾ)

IPA pronunciatios of the letters different from/or not existing in English are given in brackets.

Vowels

Front Back

unrounded rounded unrounded rounded

Close i ü (y) ı (ɯ) u

Open e ö (œ) a o

ABCL has no defined allophony at all. The vocabulary is defined so that each word for itself is distinguishable and understandable without help of the allophony. A speaker may use it as he/she is used to it in the native language.

VOCABULARY, LEXICON, WORD FORMATION/DERIVATION

Words are created according to the following scheme:

Root Nouns have the scheme CVCCV, verbs CVC, adjectives VCV, the arithmetic numerals (digits 1 to 9) CV, geometric numerals (10, 100, 1000, 10000 …) CVC, adverbs VC, conjunctives and prepositions CV. Pronouns have V and VCV respectively. In case a scheme is used for more than one category (as VCV), certain vowels or consonants are allocated to one class only so that a mix up can be avoided. (e.g. for the adjectives VCV, the first vowels are “a, e o, ö, u, ü”. For the pronouns the initial is generally “i”, if not, second letter is the possessive indicator “z”.) Number of letters for each category is chosen considering the possible combinations in creation of the required number of a lexical category. (e.g. for a fully developed language 500 000 nouns may be required and this number can be created with CVCCV combinations theoretically for ABCL; for the verbs, three letters CVC may cover the required range of about four thousand root verbs). For the derived ones, the number of the words may be longer from case to case.

ABCL lexicon (ABCL- English/Turkish) has been prepared in form of an Excel sheet file, separated in groups of lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction and preposition, pronoun. Additionally, tables with rules and many examples for derived nouns, derived adjectives, verbs and adverbs have been created too. Also tables showing the affixes for inflections, conjugations and declensions have been placed at relevant capitals.

The category “noun” consists of 21 noun classes, each of them placed in a separate Excel sheet. Further details have been explained under the related title “NOUN” below. Verbs are separated also in classes, similar to nouns, placed in one Excel page, which includes also rules for the derived verbs separately. Similarly, to each other category, an Excel sheet has been allocated. A word can be searched using the “search” function of Excel in both directions. A direct visual search is also possible, if the correct class of the word can be judged before, while looking in the relevant page and under the corresponding subtitle.

Contrary to English, ABCL dos not use the same word for noun and verb or for adjective, adverb, conjunctive and pronouns. For each grammatical class another word has been defined. However, there is mostly a similarity morphologically (e.g. English “some” is in ABCL “oşo” (adjective), “oşor” (adverb), “işo” (pronoun).

Word formation/creation by the derivation between verb-noun-adjective-adverbs has been done with the help of the suffixes. Suffixes are selected for each logically defined group separately. They have been explained in the following with examples for each type of the syntactic category separately. For the time being, ABCL has about 3800 root nouns (including 3000 most common nouns of English listed by Britannica Dictionary), 1800 root verbs, 310×2=620 root adjectives plus 190 defined derived adjectives, over 120 adverbs, 120 conjunctions/prepositions and 50 pronouns defined in English translation (and going to be developed further). With some defined derivations (about 200) and numbers (136) the vocabulary has almost seven thousand words, which is considered sufficient for the daily use of World languages.

As explained below for individual cases the word creation system of ABCL is able to create huge number of the root and derived words additionally. Nevertheless, with the help of the created rules for word derivations, one will be able to find a word which he needs to express himself easily. Thus, we can estimate the vocabulary of ABCL at this stage already about 8000 to 10000 words.

NOUNS

Basic/Root Nouns

“Basic/root nouns” are formed principally by five letters (CVCCV). There are however nouns derived from verbs, adjectives and other nouns having five-six-seven letters. They all end on a vowel same as the basic nouns. Adding the sixth and seventh letter was necessary to avoid ambiguities with the root nouns and the double vowels. The root nouns are classified in 21 noun classes, each of them heading a special area of use, such as “body”, “human”, “animals”, plants, “mental”, psychology-spirit”, “social”, “economy”, “daily home”, “health”, “pastime”,” nature and environment”, “science”, “technic”, “construction- transport”, “time”, “measurement”, “military” and “others”. Each of them has its own special initial consonant. Considering “S” is being the mostly utilized initial consonant in many languages, we preferred it for the “heading” BODY and HUMAN, which are mostly mentioned in daily speaking.

This partly philosophical approach of word creation is not favoured by some critics, saying words differing by an end vowel (or consonant) only, could be mixed up easily. This may seem at first sight true but many world languages have similar words, which is not considered as a problem for them. Even so, the grouping and classification of words as done in ABCL have the big advantage of connotation for memorizing or remembering a word.

Nouns are created by the use of an Excel matrix; an example for the main topic “BODY” is shown below.

For this heading, CVCCV is selected as S#N##, whereas S and N being basic consonants for the heading “BODY”. The subtopics are constructed by varying first vocal in lateral line of the matrix from “A” to “Ü” (also 8 vocals=8 columns) (here, for example, for subtitle “Head”, first varying vowel being “İ”, thus first syllable is “SİN” and for the following subtitle “Upper Body”, it is SON). Now for each subheading having a fixed CVC (e.g. SİN), the fourth letter (consonant) will be kept, the fifth letter (a vowel) will be varied from “A” to “Ü” (“SİN”C#), building a block with 8 columns for subtitle “SİN”. Vertically, at each column of the matrix the fourth letter (a consonant) will be varied from “B” to “Z” (“SİN”C*”a”… 20 in total). This way for each subtopic 8×20=160 nouns could be created theoretically. For one heading (e.g. “BODY” with the corresponding fixed consonants “SAN”##, “SİN”## etc. as here) we could have 8×160=1280 nouns. Varying “N” in this scheme from “B” to “Z”, we will have 20×1280=25 600 nouns beginning with “S”. And for 20 initial consonants, we could have created 20×25 600=512 000 nouns with this matrix scheme.

As said above, we aim to utilize for the Level 1 about 5000 nouns only, so we can effort to drop combination with difficult pronunciations (for example with the letters “J” or “I” and for the sake of vowel harmony etc. Fully utilization of the matrix might be required for the medical and scientific/technical terms only, if any. The matrix scheme would also allow using of the computer programs for word creation and translation.

The matrix allows further sub-subheading such as of the “Head”, the first column/row (SİNba) indicating primary and under it the sense organs like eye, nose, ear (denoted as sin#a: primary) and further columns right of them, the subparts of first noun at the beginning (denoted as “seconders”). For example: eye (sinsa) (first column), then in the same row; iris (sinsi), eyelid (sinsö), pupil (sinsü). Being Excel table, the matrix allows right click explanation for each cell, where we can put the meaning of a word in any language.

ABCL nouns of group S#N## (BODY) (selected partially as example)

SİN: Heading HEAD

*SinCa,e: Primary**		*SinCe-i-o-ö-ü: Secondary**
sin#a		sin#e		sin#i,o		sin#o,ö		sin#ö,ü
sinba	head
		sinbe	skull	sinbi	scalp	sinbö	jaw, chin	sinbü	cheekbone
sinfa	face	sinfe	cheek	sinfo	forehead	sinfö	jaw	sinfü
sinha	ear			sinhi	inner ear	sinho	earlobe	sinhö	middle ear/ossicles
sinma	mouth	sinme	palate	sinmi	lip	sinmo	tongue	sinmö	poach
sinna	nose	sinni	sinüs	sinno	nostril	sinnö	nosal bone	sinnü
sinse	eye			sinsi	iris	sinsö	eyelid	sinsü	pupil
sinta	tooth	sinte	canine tooth	sinti	grinder	sinto	foretooth	sintu	gum
		sinye	eye brow	sinyi	eye lash	sinyö		sinyü

Prosodics are generally not required. However to avoid the misunderstanding due to close sounds of some vocals the (especially second) syllables must be accentuated.

Derived Nouns

Nouns will be derived from nouns, verbs and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a vowel (except compounded/combined nouns all on the vowel “a”) as the root nouns. The derivation rules apply to all types of verbs, transitive or intransitive does not matter.

Deverbal Nouns

ABCL Suffix Level 1 (examples)	ABCL Suffix Level 2	Example: ABCL noun (Level1/Level 2)	English Suffix	Some English Nouns as Samples (nouns given in italic translated in ABCL only)
_aya (nomina acti-result of act)	_aya	kuc.aya	_, age, _ure	cut, bore, leakage, creature
	_aya	çöp.aya	_(t)ion	protrusion, indication, motion, division, organization, evaporation
	_aya	reh.aya	_	heap
	_aya	han.aya	_ing	building, being, writing, dead, smell, piping
	_aya	hic.aya	_ate	certificate
	_aya	kap.aya	_	package
	_aya	bon.aya (=bonko), rez.aya	_ledge, (a)ncy	knowledge, expectancy
_aya	_ama	dan.ama	_	dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment,
_aya	_ama	did.ama	_	drink, food
moz.zo (Verb’s last two letters reverse repeated) CVC.CV (nomina actionis-name of the action) gel.le yun.nu	_aha	moz.zo (moz.aha)	_ence	joy, fun, thought, excellence
	_aha	höm.mö, tez.ze	_ment	employment, enjoyment, amazement, imprisonment, replacement
	_aha	bol.lo (bol.aha)		love, liking, praise
	_aha	pef.fe	_ure	failure, pleasure, disclosure
	_aha	ned.de	_al	denial, approval, removal, proposal, refusal, dismissal, arrival, appraisal, remedial
	_aha	pöp.pö	_ance	resistance, deliverance, importance, attendance, defiance, assistance
	_aha	çeş.şe, pil.li	_, _ism	speech, criticism, shave, description, classification, dance, dream
	_aha	boh.ho, çen.ne	_	hope, end, rain, work, fear, success, result
	_aha	luy.yu, rez.ze/rez.aha	_ion	Interruption expectation
	_aha	vus.su	_ing	counting, dying (death), measuring
	_ada	nel.le (nel.ada)	_ion, _tion,_sion	relaxation, attention, selection, evaporation, introduction
	_ada	çöm.mö	_age, _th, _ade	message, manage, drainage, growth, health, blockade
	_ada	yun.nu	_	run, begin, joy
	_ada	sab.ba	_ity	ability, prosperity, intensity, simplicity, customs
	_ada	pıb.tö	_ery/-ry, _ony	bribery, robbery, testimony
	_ada	gel.le (gel.ada)	_ancy	tendency, (walk)
	_afa	yun.nu(yun.afa)	_ing (gerund)	running, beginning, rejoicing
_asa (human)	_asa	höm.asa, tep.asa	_er, _or, -ent, -est, -ist, -ory, _ak, _ier	employer, player, teacher, student, assistant, servant, stimulant, baker, beggar, survivor, editor, governor, waitress, tourist, signatory, runaway (leakage), liar, applicant, cashier, cleaner
_ana (tool)	_ana	tap.ana, dat.ana	_er	(music)player, cleaner, counter, cleaner, recorder, player, opener, obstacle, scale, viewer (for suffix _scope: as microscope, telescope)
_aşa	_aşa	höm.aşa	_ee	employee, refugee, trainee
_aça	_aça	vüp.aça	_ery,_ry	refinery, bakery, laundry, laboratory, dormitory
_aça	_aca	dir.aca	_ing, _tion	bedding, station (bus stop), aim/target, passage

According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups “aya, “ama” (also aha, ada” and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for “expectation via expectancy” the meaning remains almost the same. (Level 2 speaker may utilize Level 2 suffixes (rez.aha/rez.aya) to differentiate in this case if preferred) It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)

So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we can lessen suffixes of the groups:

1. “aya” for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”

2. Suffixes “ana” and “asa” are indicating the subject of the act (thing or person) only. (nomina agentis)

3. Passive subject suffix “aşa” remains as it is. (nomina patientis)

4. Merged suffix is “aça” including also “aca” which denotes the place. (noun loci)

5. The groups with the suffixes “afa” standing for “-ing” (gerund-nomina actions), “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative and “ada” (nomina actions), also naming the action itself by the name will have the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVttV for verbs derived from adjectives), where the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. For the abstract deverbal nouns the scheme CVC.CV will be applied, but not for tangible nouns (for “things” e.g. bedding, passage) principally.

As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya/ bonno”, new created noun “bonko” will be used.

Thus, ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes and one specific form for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed.

With the help of those cases and assumed two thousand suitable verbs, it would be possible to create 10 000 new nouns for Level 1 only.

Denominal Noun

_da (for abstract nouns)	_da	salma.da	_hood, _ship, _ness, _ity, _ism, _cy, _ery, _dom	motherhood, friendship, …, humanity, socialism, fatalism, regency, slavery, military, kingdom
_da (for abstract nouns)	_ha	sinsa.ha/dündi		spectacles, woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug (German)
_ca (dimulative)	_ca	salma.ca	_y, -n/-en/-on, _ling, _ette	mummy, doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden darling, diskette
_sa (affiliation to people- group)	_va	pespo.va (sulpo)	_ian, _er, _man, _ist	politician, librarian, physician, musician, porter, sportsman, fireman, statesman, pianist, artist, dentist, racist, socialist, Buddhist, atheist
	_sa	sölsi.sa, sölvi.sa, London.sa	_ien,_an, (e)r, _ish	citizen, villager, Londoner, republican, English, German
	_ra	vatne.ra / sülne	_eer	engineer
_ga (relating to a branch, area	_ga	bünbi.ga, manpa.ga	_logy, _nomy, _graphy	biology, psychology, planetology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography
_ya	_ya	pasna.ya/pesna	_ism	nationalism; racism
_la (language)	_la	Türk.la	_ish, _ian, _an, _er, _se	Turkish, Algerian, Roman, Chinese
folk and country name written in ABCL’s phonetic;	_	Doyç/Doyçland, Engliş, Türk, Türkiye, Nippon	folk and country name	as in the original language, not in English
	_meter	thermometer=“heat gauge”	in ABCL this suffix will be replaced with compound word

For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix “da” for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha”; the suffix “sa” for “sa, va, ra “(all human related), “ya” for “_ism” and “ga” for scientific nouns. Even if rarely, it is possible that two different suffixes mat be required to covers two differing meaning derived from one noun (In the table above “motherhood” and “mummy” are both derived from “mother” with suffixes “da and ca”).

If a noun very frequently used, we defined beside derived one also a root noun for it directly in ABCL as seen above (pespo.sa(/va) =sulpo (politician) or vatne.sa(/ra)=sülne (engineer)). Derivation rules, once memorized, can be applied for new cases also but the word will be longer, other way we have to learn the new noun additionally to derived one, which we consider adequate for the Level 2 only.

Noun Derived from Adjective

_ma	una.ma	_y	pinkly
_ma; (x)_ma	ube.ma, ubex.ma	_	beauty, ugliness
_ma	ufo.ma	_dom	freedom, boredom
_ma	edi.ma	_th	depth, strength
(x)_ma	gav.amox.ma*	_cy	vacancy
_ma	apı.ma	_(en)ce	prominence, absence, residence
_ma	ahux.ma	_hood	falsehood
_ma	asa.ma	_ness	sadness, kindness, darkness, business
_ma	vof.azo.ma*	_(en)cy	fluency, frequency
_ma	silbi.do(so).ma	_(al)ity, _ty, _y	sexuality, normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
_(ğ)ma	çi.ğ.ma, fiğma		couple, trio/triplet
_ma	ome.ma	_side	outside
_sa (human)	ofü.sa, öfö.sa(i)	_	fanatic, The greens
_ya	~~pasnö.do.ga,~~ ofü.ya	_ism	~~nation.al.ism~~, fanatism
_ vusyu	oşu.vusyu, ki.vusyu	_gon	polygon, pentagon

*Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and “vof.fo”.

Compound/Combined Noun Derivations

Compound/Combined Noun Derivations
adjective.verb	di*.mese	telescope
adjective.verb	bi*.mese	microscope
verb.noun	gam.vönga	magnifying glass
adjective.noun	bi.vönga	lens/magnifier
preposition.noun	ku.vingö	underground
adjective.noun	oşo.ti	something

*Last two letters of the adjectives edi (distant), ebi (big), oşo (some), banti (thing) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (mes.e-see) will be used.

In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb in gerund followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fesiş vitka” (service(ing) car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.

“Yes” and “No”: “Ay” and “Ya” (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)

VERBS

Basic/Root Verbs

Verbs consist basically of three letters as CVC (inherently intransitive verbs and the transitive verbs only. For the intransitives of the ambitransitive verbs, the form will be CVC#t, where “#” points out to “tenses” and “_t” is the detransitive/reflexive suffix. It is formally a derivational verb but will be shown in the Excel list though. This is because there is in English sometimes two different verbs for transitive and intransitive meanings. Basic verbs CVC are also classified in schemes similar to the nouns. Nineteen “main headings” (with the first denoting letter of the group following) are “Physical Acts -K##”, “Active Actions –Y, L, R and G##”(inc. J), “People/Human – S and Ş##”(partially C), “Social Relation –F, N and P##” (partially C), “Mental Activities –B and M##”, “Household, Daily Life -D##”, “Pastime, Sport, Health -T##”, “Utterance, Nonperson Acts-Ç##”, “Business, Public -H##”, “Technic / Science / Nature-V##”. In Physical Acts, “K##” is initial consonant for the heading, ## indicates varying 8 vowels (“a” to “ü”) in the second place and alternating 20 consonants in the third place. This way 4600 verbs can be created theoretically, but for the same reason as for the nouns, only half of them will be taken in to the consideration. For the Level 1, ABCL has about one thousand eight hundred of them, which seems to be adequate. The main heading could be subdivided in subheading such as KA# for a certain type of “physical acting” and KE# for another where appropriate (For the purpose of correlation with English words this “principle” has been relaxed considerably).

As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:

kaf	fasten	kef		kıf		köf	fold
kah	haul/drag	keh	hang	kıh		köh	hew
kak	catch	kek		kık		kök	connect/link
kal	lay	kel		kıl		köl	line
kam		kem		kım		köm	modify/alter
kan	narrow	ken	enlarge	kın		kön
kap	package	kep		kıp	press	köp	push
kar	repair/mend	ker	rip	kır		kör	erase
kas	saw	kes	separate	kis	slice	köş	shear

Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for detransitive/reflexive, causative, imperative, passive, reciprocal, subjunctive/irrealis and negative. Suffixes for further moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the Level 2 can be replaced in the Level 1 by the prepositions as in English.

Derived Verbs

Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.

For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_t” (for intransitive) and “_k” (for transitive) will be added. (thus, we will have a six letters verbs.) For the adjectives also the suffix “_t” is chosen (these types of verbs are mostly intransitive, for seldomly transitive cases the suffix “_k has been defined).

Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs)

Examples: (first noun of the rows translated only)

Verbalizing suffix	ABCL verb	English suffix	English verb
(noun)_k (transitive)	venfi.k, denso.k	_, _en, _ize	fire, salt, frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize, idolise
(noun)_k (transitive)	benli.k	_ate	liberate, hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
(noun)-t (intransitive)	vessu.t, vüsli.t	_en, get …	sun/sunbathe, lighten, get old, prink up
	venva.t	_ize/ise	vaporize, get icy, materialize(vi)
	banlu.t		be lucky
	benzü.t		be unlucky
	tenfe.t	get …	get fever

Derived Verbs from Adjectives

Examples:

Verbalizing ABCL suffix	ABCL verb	English verb
_t _xt (vi)	uni.t- unix.t	be new-become old
	ubi.t- ubix.t	biggen-become small/diminish
	eşi.t- eşix.t	shine-become dull/tarnish/dim
	ufe.t-ufex.t	be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)
	ube.t- ubex.t	become beautiful-be ugly
_k (vt)	oci.k	make blind

In case of adjectives created as antonym (by negation suffix “_x”), derivation suffix comes after “_x”. Thus, if the derived verb would be negated, such construction as “ubix.t.o.x” (ubixtox=not diminished) are possible since the suffix “_x” will be placed after the tense-conjugation suffix.

If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” may be introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing. (e.g. uni.x.t.o=became old).

Infinite and Imperative (morphologically same)

ABCL Suffix Level 1	Example: ABCL noun	English Suffix	Some English Nouns as Samples (verbs given in italic are imperatives)
_eş-x	yun.eş(!), den.eş-x(!)	to …(infinitive)/ !	to run, to eat / (run!, eat-don’t eat!)

Verb Transformation in ABCL

Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (ergative-anticausative-transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. For the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL would need two different type of root verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. I have tried to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs including all copula verbs) as appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object anyway. Ambitransitive/Ergative verbs such as “to boil” is considered in ABCL in their transitive meaning as root verbs in form of CVC and are listed in the Excel verb lists so. The same verbs in intransitive meaning get the suffix “_t” after the conjugated root verbs.

Transitive of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always intrinsically as CVC root verb and intransitive as CVC#t root verb (e.g. the verb “sink” in transitive meaning is in ABCL “yes” (CVC) and in the intransitive meaning ”yeset” (CVC#t) where “#” stays for the tense (here for simple tense “e”): the storm has sunk the bot (transitive) in intransitive meaning (“the boat sank”), also “yesot” for past tense). Intransitive includes also reflexive. (Most of the natural languages have more transitive verbs than intransitive, e.g. English and German about 60%, therefore I have chosen transitive sense as basic in case of the duality.) (Example: look at (vt) vs look nice (vi)- mul.# vs mul.#.t) With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL. To make out of a transitive verb a reciprocal (intransitive) one ABCL defined the suffix “_y”.

English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of inherently intransitive verb an intransitive verb (like “kill-die”, “get/make… sleep- sleep”) or opposite. Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself).

For the de-transitivizasyon in passive format (in English “be, get verb(pp)” where the agent is hidden or not required.) ABCL uses also the suffix “_t” if the agent does not to be mentioned, otherwise passive of the verb to be chosen by adding also the agent with the preposition “by”. (E.g.: I dress/put on my coat (a dano az danco)-I get dressed (a danet)-the child is dressed (solça danet)- the child is dressed by mother (solça danen şu salma).

The verb “bab” is introduced as ABCL equivalent of English verb “to be”, it will be utilized however in copula mood as “zero copula”. For example, “it is beautiful” translates into ABCL (for the sake of simplicity) not as “u babe ube” but as “u ube” or simpler as “ube” if the context permits it.

Details and other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.

Verbs with Negative Meaning

For some morphologically negatif English verbs with the prefixes “dis” such as discharge, disagree, disorder, disappear, discourage, discomfort, disconcert, disregard etc., ABCL does not create new root verbs but negates the root verb simply, thus sparing the effort to learn new words unnecessarily. For example, “disagree” can be expressed as “don’t agree”, thus no need to entry “disagree” in to lexicon as separate lemma.

Negation prefixes “mis_” will be replaced in ABCL by adverb “wrongly”.(e.g.: you mis.understood = o başo üç (You understood wrongly)

ADJECTIVES

Basic Adjectives

Basic adjectives consist of three letters as VCV/x, yielding about 650, with doubling by using of “x” at the ends giving an adverse meaning such as “ube” for beautiful and “ubex” for ugly. Adjectives have also been separated in classes:

“Determiners” with the subtitles: “interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite (quantifier), “Locational Adjectives”; “Temporal” and further “Main colours”, “Indefinite numerical” etc. where first vowels “o”/“ö” and “u”/ü indicates the “head group” and varying consonants (C*’s as “t, s, ş, m, p, y” (colours have also other consonants)) decoding the subtitles like “interrogative”.
“Descriptive (Physical state end quantifying)” with two subtitles: First title beginning with “o” is special classes as “human feature”, the consonant of the word corresponding to the initial of English equivalent, e.g. “ofo”=former)); second beginning “u” for “things”.
“Descriptive (Qualifying, evaluative) for “People” (personality and behaviour mainly) with initial letter “a” and “Description of things” with initial letter “e”.

Each of them has been subdivided internally according to the scheme e.g. V#V (eC*a, eC*e; eC*i; … eC*ü). Although each subtitle was originally designed to indicate a special type of the adjectives such as “aC*e-being”, “aC*i-behaviour” or “eC*ü-nature/science, the order could not be kept however due to new idea of “harmonizing” the sound between ABCL and English adjectives for the ease of memorizing by connotation. (e.g.: Ubi=big, where the last letters “bi” of ABCL is same (or similar) with the first letters “bi” of English word). Thus, even though the first idea has been kept; e.g. for the “aC*V, the subtitles “physical features, appearance, human attribute, opinion-view, etc.,” at the end they are mixed up to the certain degree anyway.

The names of mixed colours have been related to the main colours from which they are originated as follows:

Last vowels of two origin-colours constitute the first and last vowels of the mixed colours. Orange (uno) is a mix of red and yellow. Thus red (uhu) and yellow (udo) built up “uno”. This is another approach for the evocating/hinting system of ABCL for easy learning.

Examples for Root Adjectives:

Indefinite (Quantifier): o/ö.ş.V*	English	Physical Description of Things e/o.C.V		Person-Behaviour a/o.C.V
oşa	more, _er	eşe-eşex	sweet-bitter	age-agex	gentle/polite/kind-impolite/rude
oşe	most, _est	ece	certain	afo-x	fair-biased
oşu-oşux	several/many/ much -few/ little	eso	sour	aju-x	just-devious
öşo-öşox	some_ – any_	oho-x	hot-cold	aşe-x	sedate-excited
öşö	each	ova-x	warm- cool	asu	superficial
öşü-öşüx	every_ -no_	ömi-x	wide-narrow	ake	keen/eager

Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez, öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their

Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.

Derived Adjectives:

Adjectives will be derived by adding suffixes to the verbs and nouns. As the root adjectives, derived one’s also end with a vowel, typical for adjectives. Thus, they will have six to seven letters.

Deverbal Adjectives:

They will be derived by the suffixes “_ado/_adox” (in place of the English suffixes “_ful, _less, _ant/-ent, _ive, _ile, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, etc.), “_abo” (for capability “_able/_ible”). Differently from English, for past participle and present participle, ABCL uses not the conjugated verb forms for adjective but derives new words as “_ono” (for past participle _ed) and “_iko” (for present participle _ing).

Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:

_ado _adox	_ful _less	_~~azo~~ ado	_ant/-ent	_abo	_able, _ible	_ono	p.p _ed/ irregular	_iko	_ing
boh.ado boh.adox	hope.ful hope.less	nez.ado	relaxant	kıb.abo	breakable	dol.ono	boiled	ted.iko	dancing
bus.ado bus.adox	use.ful use.less	mas.ado	pleasant	mir.abo	admirable	bon.ono	known	tis.iko	singing
kim.ado kim.adox	harmful harmless	fur.ado	dominant	hıç.abox	incredible	muv.ono	worried	moh.iko	terrifying

Denominal Adjectives

Denominal adjectives will be derived by the suffixes “_do/_dox” (in place of the English affixes “_ful, _less, _ive, _ulent, _ile, _holic, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, un_, im_, etc.) and “_no” (for capability “_able/_ible”)

Examples

_do	_ful, _ous	_dox	un-, -less, im-, in-, ir-	_bo	_able, _ible
fönpe.do	peaceful	bonho.dox	hope.less	ponfa.bo	fashionable
sonye.do	handful	cimti.dox	timeless	halta.bo	taxable
münpi.do-x	merciful-cruel	pasha.dox	homeless

With these 8 suffixes (ado, adox, abo, ono, iko; do, dox, bo) it is possible to get unnumbered new adjectives from verbs and nouns additionally to 650-700 root adjectives.

Antinomies of Adjectives

As stated already, the antinomies of adjectives will be generally defined by adding the suffix “x”. This has been done preferably with the pairs where in English a separate adjective available for the antinomy. This way the number of words to be memorized would be reduced considerably. For the adjectives used very often we made however some exceptions. In order to avoid a mix up which comes first, it is necessary to implement certain rules. These are: For physically quantifiable, that indicating superiority as big/larg/heavy/strong etc. is the base adjectives, the latter will get “_x“ (like: big-small: ubi-ubix); for qualitative, what people normally like/prefer, comes first (like: honest-false: ahu-ahux; hot-cold: uho-uhox etc.). Adjectives which are used in speech often shall have basic form even the foregoing stated rules implies differently. (e.g.: “uda-x” (dark- light/pale), even though “dark” implies physically “unfavorability” because “light” is used relatively seldom compared with “dark”.

The suffix “_x” comes always directly after the adjective (basic or derived does not matter- e.g. ohox.ka, enux.te, münpi.do.x), followed by other derivational suffixes.

The use of the prefix “un” with adjectives (such as “un.necessary”): ABCL uses direct expression “necessary” instead, negating the verb (To say that was unnecessary = “Çaseş osu babox ene” in back-translation “to say that was not necessary)). Further negation prefixes “in”-. “im-“, “il-“, and “ir-” and “non”: (inactive, impossible, illegal, irregular, nonexistent): These are already negated adjective by suffix “_x” in ABCL so far.

Numbers

Also for the numbers, with the suffix “_x” meaning zero, a differing system has been created.

Cardinal numbers/ digits: 1 to 9: bi, çi, fi, ki, mi, ni, si, ti, yi

	1-9	10-90	11-19	100-900	1 Th-9 Th	10 Th-90 Th	100 Th-900 Th	1 Mln-9 Mln	10 Mln-90 Mln
	#i	#ix	bix#i	#iç	#if	#ik	#im	#in	#is
1	bi	bix	bixbi	biç	bif	bik	bim	bin	bis
2	çi	çix	bixçi	çiç	çif	çik	çim	çin	çis
….	….	…..	…..	…..	…..	…	…..	….
9	yi	yix	bixyi	yiç	yif	yik	yim	yin	yis

For example: The number 6 572 120 is written in ABCL: nin.mim.sik.çif.biç.çix (includes 18 letters). The same digit written in English extends to 52 letters.

The system continues in such “ten” times pattern as (unary notion):

Bit, biy, bil, bip, bir, biş, biv, bi bid (quadrillion), where as a helping hint for remembering by logical thinking (up to “biy”, also to one billion only), the last letter indicates the number of zeros if the last letter “i” of the corresponding cardinal numbers dropped. (e.g. for “bit”, “t” is corresponding to “ti” , which means eight zero to be added to “1”, resulting in 100 000 000 which is “one hundred million” in English.)

With the (10¹⁵= quadrillion), the system follows one thousand pattern such as “bi bid, bix bid, bif bid; bi big (quintillion= 10¹⁸, bix big” etc.

Above “bih” (10¹⁵= quadrillion), the system follows one thousand pattern such as “bix bih, biç bih, big (quintillion= 10¹⁸, bix big” etc.

At the first sight it seems to be some ambiguity with some verbs, e.g. “bit” means as verb “think” but as number “hundred million”. However, in the syntax a mix up is not possible due to the fact that the verbs are nearly always conjugated (e.g bit.i).

Further, the verb is placed secondly after the subject where the numbers stay as adjectives after the verbs and before the noun they modify.

Ordinal numbers are as below: (example for 2 “çi”)

çi.ji two.(and)half

çi.ği -th (second)

ki.ği four.th

öşü çi/öşü fi both (every two)/every three

ki.z.çi two forth (two of four/four’s two)

ki.z.ji half of four/ four’s half

çi.vum, fi.vum, ki.vum double/two fold/twice, triple, quadruple

çi.ğ.ma,fi.ğ.ma couple, trio

ADVERBS

Basic Adverbs

Basic adverbs consist of two letters in scheme of VC, covering mostly used adverbs in many languages. As in English, in many other languages adverbs also have often the same spelling with the adjectives and conjunctives. In ABCL, for the sake of ambiguity, they also will have separate words, if used as adverb. Also here, there are separate headings for subdivision, indicated by choose of the vowels. For example, first letter being variable vowel, (“V*”), second letter C (consonant) indicates the subdivision. The consonants e.g. “s, t, y” indicate “time” and “ş” the “quantity” where the first letter (vowel) varies from “a” to “ü” (* means always “varying letters” in this article). This way 110 words can be created (without the use of the vowel “ı”). The consonant “ç, f, h” code the “adverbs of manner” which are subdivided into three, such as limitation (*f), descriptive (*ç), certainty (*h).

Some Examples:

Time		Quantity		Manners/direction		Manners/descriptive
*Vs**		*Vş**		*Vm**		*Vç**
as	always	aş	more, _er	om	ahead, forward	oç	together
es	yet	eş	most	üm-em	in(side)-out (side)	of	enough
*Vt**
et	now	iş	all
at	tomorrow	oşor	some

Derived Adverbs:

Here also there are deviations in the number of basic letters while deriving adverbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives.

Examples for some derivations: (The firsts English words in row are translated in to ABCL only)

ABCL suffix	Derived from Root Verbs
_r**	feh.r		help(ing)fully
_r**	şal.r, bon.r*	_(ing)ly	llaugh(ing)ly, know(ing)ly

*Differing from English, the adverb will be constructed directly by adding the suffix “_r” to the root of the verb. Also without building an adjective in gerund form with “_ing”
**While reading and speaking, the vowel “i” or “ı” will be inserted before the suffix “_r”. (it reads as “feh.ir”)

ABCL suffix	Derived from Derived Adjectives and Root Adjectives
_r	feh.ado.r (better: feh.r) banlu.do.x.r	(ful(ly), _(a)bly	helpfully unfortunately notably, passably, incredibly,
	eni.r, atö.r	_ly	nicely tensely clearly, actively, quickly
	omo.r-omoxr		on the front-behind

ABCL suffix	Derived from Root Noun
_r	halce.r(x)*, monjo.r (in ABCL directly by noun possible)	_ally, _(ful)ly	(un)economi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly (in English only via denominal adjective possible)
_r	sum.r, honva.r, ulo.r	a_	a.miss, away, along, ahead, apart, alone

*Negation will be indicated in such cases by negating the verb. Negation suffix comes in these cases at the end of adverbial suffix “_r”

The number of derived adverbs from the verbs and adjectives only would yield about two thousand.

Compounded Adverbs:

~~oşotu~~	~~somewhen~~
oşotü	somehow /way
oşoxtü	anyhow
oşota	somewhat
oşote	somewhere
öşüte	everywhere
Istü oşo.cam oşoxcam	whenever sometime anytime

CONJUNCTIVES-PREPOSITIONS

Conjunctives-prepositions consist of two letters as CV. Logical groupings have been built systematically, such as conjunction particles (and, or, then, but, … ), particles for subordinate clauses (so that, even if, unless etc.) and prepositions. For example, the consonants “p, r, s and v” point out to coordinating conjunction (like else, consequently, however, and, but) and “k, l, m, n” to the locational prepositions (like in, at, on, out, under, above, behind etc), with the vowel varying from “a” to “ü”.

CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating Conjunctions		Subordinating Subclause		Correlative Conjunctions		Interrogative as Subordinate Conjunctions
p_, r, s, v: varied vowels		h_, f, d, ç, b: varied vowels
sV*		fV*				tV*
ve	and	fa	even if	pe…so (pe)	either…or	ta	what
so	or	fo	only	pex..so	neither…or	te	where
su	but	fe	if/in case	ça/(çö (adj)…ge)	as.(adjec).as	ti	which
se	yet	dü	unless	ça / (çö elo ge)	as long as	to	who
sa	namely	fö	alike	fü.. (so)..x	whether…or ..not	tö	why
pe	either	ha	while			tu	when
ro	however	du	that			tü	how

PREPOSITION		Locational PREPOSITION
y_, ş, g		k_, l, m, n
şV*		kV*
şa	after	le	between
şe	before	kö	among
şo	for	ko	across
şu	by	ke	beside

Locational prepositions “lu=to, lü=from, ma=at/on, mu=on, mü=in” have been defined but can be omitted normally because the verb itself mostly dictate the case of the noun object/phrase (accusative, dative, locative, ablative cases). They will be used generally if two or more needed to place in sequence (e.g. “ma hinbü mü toş çense”=at the snack bar in the shopping centre). The use of “mü” (=in) is differently from English. İt will be used only to indicate that object is physically inside of something real (like room, building, box etc.). In all other cases ABCL uses “ma”(=at) as general locational preposition instead of English “in”

Compound Interrogative Subordinating Conjunctions (examples)

tais whatever 1

teis wherever 1

tiis whichever 1

PRONOUNS and Possessive Determiners (Adjective Pronouns)

Pronouns consist of one (V: personal pronouns) and three letters (VCV). The personal pronouns are “a, o, u, e, ö, ü” and i. All other pronouns have VCV where first vowel is always “i” (except reflexive pronouns as azi (myself), where middle consonants is always “z” and last vowel is “i”) with which they would be recognizable and differ from adjectives. Possessive determiners (adjective pronouns) have two letters (V*z)

Pronouns and Possessive Determiners

Personal Pronoun (pp)		Possessive Pronouns		Possessive determiners (adjective pronouns)
		*iz.V(pp**)	(pp).own	*Vz**
a	I	iza	mine	az	my
o	you	izo	yours	oz	your
u	he, she, it	izu	his, her, its	uz	its
e	we	ize	ours	ez	our
ö	you	izö	yours	öz	your
ü	they	izü	theirs	üz	their
(i)	(own)

Demonstrative Pronouns				Interrogative Pronouns		Nonperson Pronouns
is.V*		ip.V*		it.V*		iş.V*
isa	this	ipa	this (one)	ita	what	işa	more
iso	that	ipo	that (one)			işe	most
isu	that	ipu	other	iti	which	işi-x	all-none
ise	these	ipe-x	either-neither			işo-x	some/someone- any/no one/none
isö	those	ipö	that (place name)	ito	who	işö	each
isü	those	ipü	there			işu	much/many-few
						işü.ti/işü.bo işütix/işübox	every.(thing/body-no.(thing/body

Compounded Pronouns:

işote	somewhere
işita	whatever
işiti	whichever
işito	who(m)ever

Because ABCL has no sex differing with the personal pronouns, sometimes, if afew third person singular pronouns exist in a clause, it may come to ambiguities (who is who-type). To overcome this problem, the demo-pronoun or adjective “that= iso, osu” can be used as appropriate.

NEGATION, QUESTION AND PLURAL

Negation of the act is done by adding suffix “x” at the end of the conjugated verb and verbal modal suffixes (like passive, irrealis) if any. For English negating prefixed verbs (disagree, misunderstand etc) see above, “Verbs with Negative Meaning”. With “_x” as suffix, ABCL constructs also antonym for adjectives, adverbs (seldomly) and conjunctives/prepositions (also seldomly as the pair “with-without”) where appropriate.

“X” stand alone means “not” in English but for phrases such as “… or not” or for expressions only (e.g.: you, not!= o x!; not today!= x camti!; not nice= x eni!, not only= x oş).

For nouns, “X” (no/not) is used as suffix and does not mean antonym of the noun (not as “friend-enemy”) but indicates the exclusion/denial of the noun modified (e.g. I want an apple, (but) not a banana= A bave şerpa, (su) şerbax).

“X” is used in ABCL also as antithesis-suffix to the noun (and to certain adjectives) also as equivalent of English prefixes such as “anti” and “un-“. (E.g. : Antivirus (=tanvi.x), untruth(=bantu.x), antitoxic.(=çanpo.x (means antipoison))

The use of the prefix “un” and other prefixes for adjectives was dealt with already under “Antinomies of Adjectives” above. For the adjectives, whether it refers to antonym or denial/antithesis, will be determined by the context. (E.g: “antisocial” (=üsox) is unambiguous, because there is no antonym of the adjective “social”- (such contextual antonyms as “solitary, reclusive” will not defined principally as antonym of “social” in ABCL))

“X” is also used for the number “zero”.

Questions will be indicated by the letter “J”, in case of the pronouns as prefix and in case of the nouns as particle before subject noun, spoken with a “short-soundless “ı” sound (like “ion-loud” in “station” (explained before)) or “i” as convenient. It can also build vocal harmony with the first syllables of the following noun which will be however omitted in writing.

Example: J.a yisa? (Shall I swim?), J (Jɯ or Ji) şenfi b.yis.e? (Can fish swim?)

Interrogatives are similar to English:

What Ota Why Ötö Where Ote When Utu

Which Oti How Ütü

Who Oto

How much/many/old Üta.pis/vus/cam

Plural will be marked by the suffx “_i”, placed at the end of a noun (pronoun), thus building a diphthong. This is only one diphthong in ABCL and marks plurals clearly.

Plurals of numbers as in English “hundreds, tens, thausends” will be expressed in ABCL with the adjective “many=oşu”, thus “hundreds” means “oşu bif” (many hundred).

TENSES, ASPECTS and SUBJUNCTIVES/IRREALIS of ABCL

Tenses and Aspects

Verbs are conjugated for five tempus/aspects “future, simple present, present continuous, simple past (past 1) and imperfect/durational past/history” (past 2), with the corresponding vocals “a, e, i, o/ö, u/ü” placed after verbs as suffix. (“ö” and “ü” are for “prior” event in case of two linked events, otherwise u/ü and o/ö can be interchanged for the vocal harmony)

Tenses/Aspects	Suffix	Examples ABCL	English
Future	_a	yog.a	will go
Simple present	_e	yog.e.x	doesn’t go
Present continuous passive	_i	vap.i.n.x	is not painted
Simple past (past 1) (“ö” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)	_o/ö	dob.o	(I) boiled
Durational past/history (past 2) (“ü” for prior event if two events linked-past perfect)	_u/ü	vap.un	had been painted (in one week)

Past 1 includes all verbs indicating a completed/finished action, independently when it had occurred in the past and happened recently or long time ago.

Past 2 includes all verbs inheriting a continuity. It doesn’t make a difference whether the effect of the act is still relevant at the presence (present perfect in English) or it happened before any relative time point. It matters only that it has a duration in the past. Also here it is not relevant whether it happened recently or long time ago.

Since the primary goal of ABCL is the simplicity, I tried to simplify various aspects used in many languages as far as possible without omitting any useful/necessary aspect utilized in spoken languages at different ways. Normally none of the aspects itself express the speaker’s intention alone. To overcome this, he needs additionally different auxiliary particles, especially temporal adverbs. In fact, a language missing one “useful” aspect of another language, is still able to express the same content by utilizing these auxiliaries. With other words, it is possible for people to express themself also by other means, without the help of a big range of the aspects.

ABCL has none of the complicated aspects requiring the usage of modals and root modification of the verbs such as in Germanic languages (progressive, perfect, past perfect, progressive perfect, past perfect progressive, future perfect progressive, conditional perfect progressive) nor in other languages (habitual, recent/far past, simultaneous, gnomic/generic etc.) All those aspects such as the frequency of occurrence and timely relation (recently, long time ago) will be expressed by the temporal adverbs and numbers where and if required. I considered e.g. the present perfect not necessary because whether or not a past event extends its affect in the presence, has no or very limited relevance for expressing the intent of the speaker. If it would be really necessary, he can describe it by the auxiliary particles. In fact, the differentiating of simple past and present perfect, as a relic of past, disappear slowly as seen in spoken German language.

The duration of an act in the past could not be easily described by adverbs and other means or by the inherit sense of the verb itself. Therefore, and because it could be important in many situations, I have introduced Past 2 in order to cover such aspects. Historical events are natural events of hearsay, which could not have been witnessed by the speaker. So transferred events will be also covered in ABCL with the past 2 with or without explicit duration of the event. Again, the adverbial auxiliaries can help also here in cases of uncertainty.

Future progressive, -perfect and -perfect progressive aspects could not easily be replaced by auxiliaries also. I introduced for these cases instead of modals as in English/German, the prefix “_s” in ABCL.

Below, the examples for the cases explained above for the tenses and aspects used in English and their equivalent in ABCL:

Aspects of English present tense and their equivalent/counterpart in ABCL:

Present simple “I eat” A den.e

Present progressive “I am eating” A den.i

Present perfect “I have eaten” A den.o

Present perfect progressive “I have been eating” A den.u/ü

I have been eating last year often outside. (This year I eat at home) A den.ü oyüx camya us em.

Aspects of English past tense (and in brackets, how it is expressed in ABCL reverse translation with the help of auxiliaries):

Past simple : “I ate” (once) (often) A den.o [ab1] (üs) (us)

I used to eat / I ate (habitually) A buso deneş/ A den.o (sihr)

Past progressive : “I was eating” (for a while) (sweets) A den.u (üt) (denşe)

Past perfect: “I had eaten ” (already) (when you arrived) A den.ö (ey) (he o yaro)

Past perfect (for “prior” event also in connection with suitable relational particle) A den.ü

Past perfect progressive: “I had been eating” (for “prior” event also) A den.ü

I had been eating (always) outdoor, (after 2018 I have cooked at home) A den.ü (as) em, (şa 2018 a don.u ….)

Future tenses:

Simple future: “I will eat” A den.a

Future aspects: (“The prefix “s-” is indicator for future progressive, perfect and progressive perfect aspects)

Future progres.: “I will be eating” tomorrow at time of your arrival. A s.den.i at …Future perfect: “I will have eaten” tomorrow at time of your arrival. A s.den.ö at …Future perfect progressive: “I will have been eating” A s.den.ü at…

Subjunctives of future (realization seems impossible but cannot be excluded with certainty/theoretically):

Forfuture aspects the prefix “_s” and for subjunctivity (would) the suffix “_k” (see below) (for hypothetical/ conditional reference etc.) have been combined: (for Level 2)

Simple (conditional) subjunctive: “I would eat in 100 years at moon ” A dena.k

Future conditional progressive: “I would be eating” in one hour at Everest A s.deni.k

Future conditional perfect: “I would have eaten” A s.deno(/ö).k

Future condit. perf. progress: “I would have been eating” A s.denu(/ü).k (at…)

Present Subjunctive (realization not certain, hypothetical, assumed, hearsay, future in the past etc. cases):

Event is hypothetical, but possible, expressing: dependency, emotion, hopes, expectation, wish, desire, possibility, probability, likelihood, uncertainty, doubt, dubiousness, judgment, opinion, obligation, inferential (hearsay), not confirmed, necessity, imploring, asking, guessing, requiring, encouraging or action that has not yet occurred. In depended clauses this case will be expressed, (as in subordinate clauses or as conjunctions (mainly “du and do”=”that and interrogative subordinating conjunctions” in English)) as real tenses of ABCL without the usage of subjunctive modal and modification of the verb stem but with suitable adverbs, and special particles unless subjunctivity is inherent in the dependent clause. Subjunctively in the head (or depended) clause will be indicated by the suffix “_k”.

“If” clauses include inherently conditional subjunctivity. Therefore, they don’t need the suffix “_k”. The tense of the depended phrase will be same as the speaker have expressed it at the time of experiencing. (e.g. if the speaker used simple present at the time of speaking, depended clause will be expressed in the same tense.) The same applies also to “that=du”, “wish”, “necessity” and “hearsay” clauses, where required with completing particles/adverbs.

Also in the assumed-guessed-expectation cases where the narrator/subject express his assumption about how the person of object would act at that time or in future the suffix “_k” will be used. (Example: if the father asked, she would say she needed to read them as her homework = fe salfa çajo, u çasek du u seno bireş ü eç uz bönhö.)

The English forms (i.e. without subclause) “could, should, might, would” stand alone will be used in ABCL with presence tense (suffix “e”) if the subjunctivity not meant so or not explicitly indicated by a suitable adverb or another particle.

Examples for Presence Subjunctives:

If I could sleep (have slept) fe a bdare(o) …

If-clauses (conditional present): (fe)

I (would) eat, if I (were) am hungry: a dene fe a babe ohu

We (would) stay at home if it snow(ed)s. e yaşe pasha fe venşa vep.e.k

That-clauses: (du)

I suggested that Paul should eat an apple a nop.o du Paul gdene şerpa

He recommends that you be careful u nor.e du o bece.k

It is important that she stay (with you) by your side. Eji du u yaşe.k (ne o) oz vunku.

Desirative-Wish-clauses: (an)

I wish I had a car then I wouldn’t get on the bus [ab1] An, (a biş.e) a bahe.k vitka ra a lege.kx vitba ( [ab1] If only(I wish) I have a car, I don’t take a bus)

I wish I knew Japanese. An, a bone.k Nippon.la

Necessity/must-modal-clauses:

I should be able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep) A g.sabe dareş

I should be able to sleep (but it will not be possible) A g.sabe.k dareş

Hearsay-inferential (speaker reported)

“He must have gone” or “he is said to have gone [ab3] ” (allegedly) ( [ab3] I heart/think/guess (that) he has gone (went)

(A mehö/bite) du u yogo.k öv (Level 2: u yogo.v [ab4] öv) ([ab4]: For Level 2, with special hearsay suffix: Inferential mood/Hearsay _v bolev – (it is said) (he/she) love …

Martina says that she be in love with you (can be true or not) Martina ças.e du u bole.k o öv. (Martina says that she loves you)

As stated above, ABCL considers the subjunctive in “if” and “that” subordinate clauses as not essential for the expression of intent of the speaker and omit it accordingly. For example: Instead of the subjunctives “I suggest that you be careful”, we can say “I suggest that you are careful” without losing the sense intended. “Suggest” implies that the case is “irrealis” even though from the grammatical point of view it is “real”.

Future in the Past as “Real Clause” (suffix _l)

For events in the past which are narrated now/present. In order to express the intention of the person at the time of narrated event to do something later. This will be indicated by adverb “henceforth=uf”

Future action from a past perspective (future in the past), which is expressed in English by modal verb “would”, ABCL uses the suffix “-l” after the declined verb. The tense of the verb will be “future” in this case, also “tense” used originally at the time of event. (She said she would call me= U çeso du u çötal a= she said she will call me)

This can be understressed by adverb “henceforth=uf”

He was very fat; therefore he would eat more vegetables “henceforth” …. u den.a.l “uf” …

(also possible to express the same as in English indirectly: … he decided to eat more vegetables henceforth.)

Irrealis in ABCL

Event (counterfactual) cannot occur anymore because the prior dependency, necessity [conditional and dependency event in the past.] and condition set in the past, had not been fulfilled. Also an event cannot be realized in future because the required condition for its realization could not be met.

Irrealis are expressed in various world languages by modal verbs in past tense (as would, should, might), by modification of verb stem (Arabic: yaktubu-yaktuba), by adjectives/adverbs, by conjunctives (if, that), by suitable verbs in subordinate clauses, by special particles and by suffixes to the verbs or by combinations of that.

In ABCL they will be expressed by “the contrafactual suffix “_ç” added to the conjugated verb. All clauses with this verb suffix are irrealis past subconjunctive.

Examples for Irrealis:

Irrealis clauses are all irreal subjunctive events mostly with conditional (if-clauses) and other dependent sub clauses. Unreality in this sense is generally possible in past only (But there are cases for simple present too). Also hypothetical future events which cannot be realized because dependent conditions of other events in the past are not fulfilled, are included here. There are also irrealis clauses with “hidden/not outspoken” dependencies. This item includes further unreal desires and wishes (I wish/ if only) and necessity/must cases (should) as well.

Subjunctivity lies principally with the topic, i.e, if subordinate phrase is the main topic, it gets the suffix _ç but nor head or vice versa.

If-clauses: Due to inherently conditional subjunctivity, “If” clauses don’t need the subjunctivity suffix “_ç” but the main/head clause.

(Because the sub-ordinate clause is priorly, the tense of its verbs will be “ö” and “ü” respectively)

“If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung” fe a sevö (bab.ö ego) a tiso.ç

Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? jo feh.o.ç a fe a çajü o?

If I had been hungry, I would have eaten fe a duhö (bab.ö ohu) a deno.ç

Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it: nex oz feh.he a b.gifo.çx u.

If you would be my son Fe o babo.ç az salsa …

I would not help him if I were you (example for simple present irrealis): A fehe.çx u fe a baba o

That-clauses: Here the subjunctivity lies with the subordinating “that” clause, thus its verb will have the suffix “_ç” but the tense will be as at the time of the expression.

My mother had suggested that I should have eaten an apple: Az salma nopo du a gdene.ç şer [ab6] pa

I drunk so much, that my head would have almost [ab7] exploded. “ A didö çö oşu du az sinha çoze.ç ah

Necessity/must-modal-clauses: Here verb will have subjunctivity suffix “_ç” and past tense suffix.

I should have been able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep): A gsabo.ç deşeş

You should have attended the meeting yesterday: O gfato.ç pönmi ot

Wish-clauses (incl. desiderative mood): Suffix “_ç” with subordinating clause only (topic).

Only if I could have slept: An, a bdar.o.ç …

I wish I had a car so that I hadn’t got on the bus. An, (a biş.e) a bahö.ç vitka du a logo.çx …

I should have learned German An, a g.bönö.ç Doyç.la

Future-clauses: Here. head-clause suffixed with “_ç” (it is the topic).

I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. A s.regö.ç ofe venye em fe venre veno.x osa commo.

If a subordinate clause implies beside conditionality also timely priority (such as with the “if”-clauses) the tenses “ö and ü” will be used instead of “o and u”.

Subconjuntive and irrealis: How far are they required? How are they in natlangs?

In case of inferential (indirect reported), not witnessed, doubted and not confirmed subjunctives, such as “He said he was a physician” (German: Er sagte, er sei Arzt), the speaker can express his intention by telling it directly, i.e. he can say “He said he was a physician, but I cannot confirm it”. An adverbial auxiliary such as “allegedly or supposedly” would express the same circumstance. Also past subjunctive “He said he had no time” (German: Er sagte, er hätte keine Zeit) can be expressed the same way. The past subjunctive can be replaced also with suitable adverbs such as “He has apparently been there” (er sei da gewesen ) and for the future as “He will assumably be there” (er werde da sein) Turkish has a separate tense for inferential: “O git.ti” translates “o git.miş”. If it were necessary, English constructions “he must have gone” or “he is said to have gone” would partly translate this Turkish inferential sentence. Even though it is very convenient to build the subjunctive by simply adding the suffix “–miş” to the verb root “git”, it must be learned by some effort. Instead of it I preferred also in such cases using direct real clauses with suitable phrases to cover the intent of the speaker. Here we would say: “I heard/ was told that he has gone” or -according to context- may be “He has allegedly gone.” Nevertheless, I defined the suffix “_v” for this case for Level 2. (a bdero.v commi öv = I was able to fall asleep at midnight supposedly) (or as I was told next morning)(=uyuyabil.miş.im)

Past subjunctive (irrealis) is also used to form the conditional tense (as Konjunktiv II in German with modal “würde”). Grammatically/formally irrealis “I would not help him if I were you” can be transferred as “I do not help him if I am you” Here even though both phrases are real, with the meaning of the “conditional if…” it is implied that it is not real because in reality “I cannot be you”.

In French present and past subjunctives used mostly with verbs or adverbs. It is preceded by the conjunction que (that). In case of jussive: Il faut qu’il comprenne cela (“It is necessary that he understand that”), the “necessity” implies “the order” so that there is no need for the further subjunctive moods of the verbs. This idea has been also partially implemented in ABCL as already stated.

Italian has also similarsubjunctive setting, for example with credo che, è possibile che. I believe (that) she is the best (opinion).

Arabic : Indicative yaktubu “he writes / is writing / will write” → Subjunctive yaktuba “he may / should write” could be transfer in to “It is possible (that) he writes” and “it is required (that) he writes”.

Some examples of the means for transferring the subjunctives of other languages and English into modified format to be used by ABCL:

Optative : “May I be loved!” transferred to “I wish that I will be loved”

Jussive : “Everyone should be loved”, “I ask that everyone is to be loved”

Potential mood : “She probably/possibly loves me”

Dubitative mood ] : “I think she loves me.”

Hypothetical : “I might love you [if…]”; “May I love you” as “I don’t expect that I love you”

Admirative: “Wow! She loves me!”, “Apparently she loves me.”

Hortative: “Let us love!”

Eventive: “I would probably love you [if…]” as “I probably love you, if …”

In ABCL there are no gender, number and casus declination/flexion at all. Where necessary, gender may be identified by a corresponding noun/adjective. The casus will not be needed, also no locative prepositions (in, at, to, from) since the unambiguous verb itself normally implies the cases and the object is defined clearly by its position in the sentence. Only in case of complexity the preposition may be needed.

ABCL has four real modal verb prefixes and one future aspect prefix:

Modus	ABCL Prefix	English Modal	Examples
Ability	b-	can/could	bdene/bdeno – can eat/could eat
Obligation	ç-	must/have to/ought to	çdene – must eat
Possibility	d-	may/might	ddene – may eat
Necessity	g-	shall/should	gdene – shall eat; gdeno -should eat
Future aspects	s-	will be/have	sdene/sdeno – will be eating/will have

Example: A g.vap.e.p az hanka: I shall get my house painted (causative mode with suffix “p”).

They are placed as prefix to the verbs. Because this way a cluster emerges, in speaking only the first vowel of the verb repeats as gap filling and vowel harmony in between or soundless “ı or i” as convenient. The modals will not be conjugated and declined at all.

There is countless “verbal modus” in living World languages. Which often used in one language does not exist such as in another at all. If necessary, modus is expressed using particles and prepositions. For the first level we abandoned most of them, leaving a few where we think it easy to learn and nice to have them for good expression.

Possession is one, which “must be”, is formed by suffix “_z” and placed after nouns and pronouns. Plural “_i” is used as suffix also after nouns.

ABCL has in Level 1 nine verb features indicated by a particle marker and suffixes. Suffixes come after the conjugated verb but before any further suffix as “x” etc.

Table of Affixes (Summary)

Temporal Suffixes/Tenses

Tenses	Suffix	Examples ABCL – English
Future	_a	yoga – will go
Simple present	_e	yogex – doesn’t go
Present continuous	_i	vapi – is/are painting
Simple past (past 1)	_o/ö	dobot – (it) boiled
Durational past/history” (past 2)	_u/ü	vapup – had got painted(_ing)

Ability- can/could	b-	bdene – can eat /bdeno-could eat
Possibility- may/might	d-	ddene – may eat
Necessity- shall/should	g-	gdene – shall eat
Obligation- must/ought to/have to	ç-	çdene – must eat
Future Aspectual (will be/will have, only)	s-	sdene/sdenö/sdenü – would eat/ate-have eaten/would have been eating

Tables of Derivational Suffixes

Suffixes for Adverb Derivation

From Verbs	_r	feh.r – helpfully
From Adjectives	_r	etu,r – truely
From Nouns	_r	cömti.r – clockwise

Suffixes for Verb Derivation

From Nouns From Nouns	_k	denso.k – to salt (for vt)
From Nouns From Nouns	_t	vessu.t – to sunbathe (for vi)
From Adjectives From Adjectives	_k _t, _xt	oci.k -make blind (vt) uni.t to become new (vi) unix.t-to become old

Suffixes for Noun Derivation

From Nouns	_da	salmada – motherhood
	_ca	salmaca – mumy
	_sa	pasnaba – nationalist
	_ya	pasnaga – nationalism
	_ga	manyata – psychology
	_la (languages only)	Türkla – Turkish
From Adjectives	_ma	unama – pinky /asaxma – sadness
	_sa	ofüsa – fanatic
	_ya	ofüya- fanatism
From Verbs	_aya	hanaya – building
	_ana	dakana – cleaner (tool)
	_asa _aşa	hömasa – employer, dakasa-cleaner hömaşa – employee
	_aça	dabaça – bakery
	Name of Verb: CVC-Noun CVCVC instead of (_ada, _afa, _aha) mozzo (moz.aha), nel.le (nel.ada), tis.si (tis.afa-singing/gerund))

Suffixes for Adjective Derivation

From Verbs	_ado(x)	bohado – hopefull / bohadox – hopeless
	_abo	mesabo – visible
	_ono	dobono – boiled, dakono-cleaned
	_iko	tisiko – singing
From Nouns	_do	fönpedo – peaceful
	_dox	cemtidox – timeless
	_bo	ponfabo – fashionable

Causative Alternations

Mood, Subjunctive-Hearsay/Desirative (Level 2)

Mood/Verb Transformation–	ABCL Marker/Suffix	ABCL example- English equivalent
Conditional (factual-predictive): Banku.do(.so): marker conjunctions “if”	fe…	fe a seve – if I feel well
Imperative/jussive/infinite- Poyeş	“verb”.eş	yogeş – go! / to go
Verbal Conjunctive (gerund)- Poyiş	“verb”.iş	yogiş – going
Passive- Bunpi	_n	vapon – was painted
De-transitivizasyon / Refleksivizasyon (transitive to intransitive)– Rac.ono, ver.ato	_t	(densu) dobot -(water) boiled dav.e.t – wash myself, (donpa) kab.o.t – (paper) burned
Reciprocal (mutuality-intransitive) –Pic.ato	_y	moley – make love (sevişmek)
Causative (Transitive) -Gac.ato(.ado)	_p	vapep – get painted (boyattırmak)
Subjunctive/irrealis- Buc.ana
Present subjunctive Past in future (real) Future subjunctive (prefix) Past/irrealis (counterfactual) Future/irrealis (prefix)	_k _l	tisek – would sing yomal–(he said) she will come (next day)
	s_ (verb#)_k	stisük -would have been singing
	_ç	tisoç/tisüç – would have sung
	s_ (verb#)_ç	stisaç – would have been sung

Inferential mood/Hearsay-Binhe (Level 2)	_v	mol.#v	molev – (it is said) (he/she) love …
Optative desiderative- An Münde (Level 2) (in level 1 expressed by auxiliary particle “an”)	_s	sev.e.s	(an) seves (o)- (I wish) (you) be well
Hidden Subjects (Level 2)(Turkish mood-formally like passive of intransitive which is not possible in English)	_f	deş.e.f	ma osa comho “deşef.x”- At this hour (people) don’t sleep (usually) (would not be slept.) (Bu saatte uyunmaz)

Negation-Question

Negation- Çün.aya	_x	vapenx – (is) not painted
Question (prefix to subject) –Çunya	j_	jo seve – do you feel well?

Inflexinal Suffixes for Nouns:

Possessive/Genitive –Hoy.ato	_z / “yo”	şintüz şindü/oz şintü-cat’s kitten/your cat benbe yo solma-behaviour of the man
Plural–Bunpü*	_i	hanho.i -houses

#…vowel for tense

*Plurals of numbers as in English “hundreds, tens, thousands” will be expressed in ABCL with the adjective “many=oşu”, thus “hundreds” means “oşu biç” (many hundred).

Explanations to Causative Alternations/Moods

“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional particle “fe”. Imperative/jussive/infinite will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb as prefix (o.Verb.eş, u.Verb.eş (let him.Verb), e.Verb.eş (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”

Suffixes for the Verb Transformation (_t, _y, _p) are placed after the conjugated root verb (e.g. davet).

Passive suffix is “_n” and placed after the conjugated root verb. Derived transitive verbs (e.g.: densokt (“to salt”, derived from the noun “salt”=denso) are considered as root verb too, i.e. “is salted” translates in ABCL as “densoken” or for a verb derived from adjective (e.g. blind=oci, make blind=ocik) “has been blinded” as “ocikon”. In case of ergative verb (e.g. (densu) dobot = (water) boiled) the verb is considered again as root verb; suffix follows it ((densu) dobetk= (water) would boils.)

The tenses are adhered always to the root verb (“dob#t”, in our example past tense “dobot”), passive suffix follows the already conjugated (root) verb. There is also no need to foresee the passive suffix with a tense again. For any created cluster a weak “e, i or ı-sound” may be implemented in between in speech.

ABCL uses for hypothetical, but possible subjunctive cases the suffix “_k”; for the past counterfactual subjunctives (irrealis) the suffix “_ç” and “_s” as prefix aspect-modal for the future cases. (see under “aspects” above) Other types of subjunctives will be marked by suitable particles.

Combination of transformed verb and modals/subjunctives: “Water would have boiled if…” translates as “a dobotç fe…” and “(water) would have been boiled (by mother) if…” as “densu dobonç … fe…”. “(Water) could not have been boiled (by mother) if…” translates “(densu) bdobonkx …”. For the clustering, a weak “e, i or ı-sound” may be inserted in speech. (e.g. reads: bıdobenekix). This is also a kind of “tongue twister” in ABCL. (sinma kıtana)

Negation suffix “_x” will be placed as a rule at the end of the conjugated verb and after the subjunctive suffixes if any. In some cases, it could come to sequencing of three/four suffixes in a row such as “vapo.p.n.x; bdobonkx” ((the house) was not get painted by…; (water) could not have been boiled by…). In such cases also a soundless “ı” or “I, e” may be inserted in speech (or the last vowel can be put for vowel harmony).

The suffix “_x” will be pronounced as English, written in ABCL as “iks”

In case of genitive/possessive, differently from English, ABCL doesn’t differentiate strictly between the possession/ownership and genitive. It differentiates normally between absolute “materialistic/physical things” and abstract/notional/conceptual. In the first case, where directly ownership/possession/“having something as part”(head of phrase)/ spatial-temporal relationship meant (which is normally the case for materialistic/physical things), the suffix “_z” will be used, for the latter, where not necessarily “ownership/possesion” implied (which is normally abstract/notional/conceptual phrases), the particle “yo” for English “of” to be applied. Ambiguities in English like “little girl’s school” is solved in ABCL as “ubix sölgiz bönşö= “little girl’s” school or “sölgiz ubix school”= girl’s little school, i.e. adjective placed directly before noun modified.

There are however exemptions for the use of genitive/possessive. The particle “yo” will be used for the case of the long phrases and relative clauses, depending on whether the clause refers to the head/possessor or complement/possessed, independently of being “materialistic/physical” things. (e.g. “the brother of the old man, who was sick yesterday did not go to work” (old man is sick, brother did not go to work). Otherwise, it would be expressed as “Old man’s brother, who was sick yesterday, did ….”, if it is the brother who was sick and did not go to work.

English genitive construction “(noun) of (noun)” (e.g “bundle of nerves) is expressed in ABCL as compound noun (“nerve bundle”, or “nerves’ bundle”) usually and preferably. Noun phrases will be formed as in English normally (genitive-nominative: e. g water glass= densu dinga). The structures with genitive “of” will be formed without “of” in the same sequence. (e.g.: colour of water glass= “dengu dingaz vüsko” as possessive with suffix “z” if possessor is a “things” or with “of=yo” if possessor is a notion (e.g.: end of police pressure= çenri yo sülpo pırrı” where the notional possessor is the pressure=pırrı) This differentiation is actually not essential. Therefore, it should prevail for Level 2.

If the complement is too long as in “group of ten other villagers”, “of” will be used. In this phrase, compliment is too long to convert in to a compound noun risking ambiguity. Another kind of exemption will be for the “heads” modified by a preposition and a long complement, where if it is compounded, the head would fall far apart from the preposition: (e.g.: “in the range of their radar”, if compounded “in their radar(‘s) range).

Application of “yo” and “_z” with pronouns (e.g., “some of them”, in ABCL “işo yo ü”): Such cases will be transformed (in thought of course) in “some of those=işo yo isü” and then in ABCL in possessive, also the phrase will be expressed as “isüz işo” (in back-translation “those’s some”), i.e. suffix “_z” denotes here “not possession” but “having something as part” applied; “some” is the part of “they”). “One of them= bi yo ü” will be converted in “one of those= bi yo isü” and then in “those’s one =isüz bi”. In front of me (=ma omoma yo a) will be transformed in “ma az omoma=in my front” (spatial/space relationship)

ABCL applies in case of long-successive genitives “combined phrases” instead: E.g.: “in the middle of the ‘end-of-term finals’” will be converted in “ in the middle of the ‘term end finals’” = ma omima yo “cumre çenfi bonfii”.

ABCL does not include singular-third person (it, one) as unspecified subject. ABCL uses intransitive-passive form Hidden Subject (which does not exist such as in English) instead:

Hidden Subjects (Turkish mood-formally like passive of intransitive verb which is not possible in English). Ma osa venhe “deşef.x”. (without a subject as in Turkish -so called ‘hidden subject’). At this hour (people) don’t sleep (usually) (would not be slept.) (Bu saatte uyunmaz). In this heat (can’t/) will not be slept. (Bu sıcakta uyunmaz.) (English: one cannot sleep in this heat).

Below are some aspectual compound verb features and moods from Turkish denoted by suffixes, applicable in Level 2 only: These and similar are expressed in ABCL by suitable adverbial particles as given in underlined English translation.

Copula mood will be enhanced by the adverbial suffix “uh”, which means “surely” and understress the certainty of the act if and when required. (“John is big”, translates “John obi” and if enhanced as “John obi uh= John is surely big”)

Compound tenses in Turkish will be expressed by adverbial particles as:

– “Di” li geçmiş-hikaye (simple past-narrative): geldiydim (I had come there at …)

– “Miş”li (öğrenilen değil görünen) geçmiş-hikaye (simple past-past witnessed): kırılmıştı (it had been broken by then)

– Şimdiki zamanın hikayesi (present-narrative): biliyordum (I was knowing it then/at that time)

– Geniş zamanın hikayesi (simple present- narrative: (eskiden) severdi (he loved erstwhile/one time)

GREETING and WISHES

Infinitive/imperative form of the verbs “sev” (to be well) and “sin” (to keep in touch) have been defined as “short” greeting nouns, “sev” meaning “hallo” (“full” “sev.eş”: (I wish you) be well) to be used when people meet/phone and “sin” for “good by” (“full” “e sin.ey”: we keep in touch) when separate. For “thank you” root form of the verb “thank” “sat”; for “sorry” “mos”, for “please” “mas” will be used. Further “how are you”, “I’m fine”, “best wishes” and “welcome” are defined. No further greeting and courtesy words are defined for Level 1. User can himself introduce such words as “good day, good luck” if he wishes by directly translating them from English or their native languages. The addressing forms such as “mr., mrs., sir, madam, etc.” have no place in ABCL.

For Level 2 however, in accordance with simplicity requirement of ABCL, further phrases are defined as follows:

sev(eş)***
(e) sin(ey) ***
sat o
(a) mos mas(eş)***
o tü?
(a) ego
şebiş*
enex (reply to “sat o”) aha.cam**
aho.cam
ego.ban(lu)
ego.tan(he)

hallo
see you (good by)
thank you
(I’m) sorry
please
how are you?
I’m fine
best wishes
welcome (unrequired) Happy New Year
merry/holy “Holy Day”
good luck
good health

Literally: be well
wish to keep in touch
thank you

unnecessary

* Being “biş” is root verb for “wish” and “oşe” is adjective “most”, the full wish phrase would be: “A biş.e o oşe banti.” meaning “I wish you the best things”. For greeting they will be merged to one word “oşebiş”, better “şebiş”: This will be used as overall wishes for almost all situations like good luck, success, health, journey etc. (although I defined for good luck and health separate phrases for Level 2)

** Although New Year means “camyü”, only first syllable “cam” indicating the class “time” is taken and suffixed to “aha=happy” building one word for the sake of shortness and simplicity. The same apples also to the following phrases (aho camho).

*** Short forms: sev, sin, mas

SYNTAX

Syntax has a defined, fixed order (SVO) as below:

Question (prefix – particle “J” or interrogative words)- Subject/ noun/pronoun (Nominative)- Modal prefix.Verb.tempus. suffix for causative alternater. suffix for subjunctives. negation suffix(_x) – Adverb- Adjective. Direct object noun/pronoun (accusative) –(Adjective). Indirect object noun (dative)- Preposition (if any) – (Adjective) Indirect object noun (ablative) – Preposition (if any)- (Adjective) Indirect object noun (locative) – Preposition. (Adjective) Indirect object noun (instrumental) – Temporal and Local phrases (sequence of last two may be changed according to the stress speaker wish to apply).

In case of many object nouns, they keep the sequence accusative, dative, ablative and locative. In this sequence there is no need for marking them because the verb indicates which one is meant. If it becomes too long, it would be advisable to use prepositions. I preferred SVO because the verb, as primary and basic element of an expression should be also placed before the object. Timely adverbs may be placed also after accusative/dative objects as required.

Coordinating conjunctions will be placed before the clause which they link.

Relative noun, -adjective- and -adverbial clauses will be placed after the subject noun/ object noun/adjective/adverb and their phrases they modify. However, as in the case of conditional subclauses (“İf” sentences) the sequence or dependency of the events may dictate the sequence (which means “if” subclause comes first). The clauses can be formed by the interrogative words as relative/adjective clauses or as noun clauses as in English. In case of modifying a word (noun etc) interrogative subordinating conjunctions will be used. In case of phrases and phrasal clauses two (“do and du”) general conjunctive particles should be sufficient for the speaker to express what he wants. Because, the noun or phrase to be modified will be indicated by these modifiers so that from the formation of both parts the meaning will be clear in many cases even without utilizing interrogative modifiers such as when, which, who etc. However, for the first level, we think “do and du” can be used for all cases without losing much of intended expression.

ABCL does not use English “it” as complimentary subject as “it snows” and “it is important”. We say “vense ven.e = snow falls” and “eji = important (dropping “it is”)”. For the latter case we need for future (it will) and past (it was) however the verb (to be) “bab” as modal i.e. “bab.a” and “bab.o”. (e. g. it was important to know=boneş babo eji (to know was important) or it is important to me=lu a babe eji (to me is important)

Subordinate/dependent-Relative Clauses in ABCL

Subordinating and relative clauses in ABCL are designed similar to English. Linking particles/conjunctions are conditional “fe” (=English “if”), subordinating conjunctions “du (so that), and relative pronouns “do” (what, which, who), relative adverbs (where, when, how). Do and “du” (that) will be used generally as in English. Relative pronouns can/will be combined to one “do” if they are acting like a subordinate conjunction (as head of a relative clause/phrase, i.e. if they refer to foregoing phrase/clause). If the pronoun introduces a describing information about a noun, then “what, which and who” will be used accordingly.

Nondefinite clauses are also possible. Infinitive, participle clauses have the form as in English with some adjustments in to ABCL. (“to reach him was difficult= lar.eş u babo eyix; the man covered with paint is decorating …= solma kokon ne hunpa tedi …)

English gerund is expressed in ABCL as three differing senses: 1. In present continuous tense as suffix “_i” after verbs (she is smiling= u şeş.i). 2. In relative clauses as suffix “_iş”(“the boy smiling always = solbo şim.iş as”; while speaking with me, he was happy= ha çeşiş ne a, u aha) 3. As deverbal noun with a special suffix which is gained by reversing the last two letters of the verb (She was surprised at losing the race= u nüson ma pollo … ) This construction will be utilized also for similar deverbal noun derivations (from “pöf=forbid”, derivation “pöffö=ban, prohibition, forbidden”). It is named in ABCL for “reversed name creation” as “bunru”.

Auxiliary verbs: In strict meaning, they do not exist in ABCL (English auxiliary verbs form “to be” and “have” will be defined in ABCL as normal verb “ bab” and “bah”.

ASSOCIATION/EVOCATION-HINTS FOR MEMORIZING/DISREMEMBERING in ABCL

Vocabulary of ABCL has been created with the aim of easy memorizing. Firstly, it was grouping of words in logical classes as explained above for grammatical word categories. As I have tried to learn the language for speech, I have discovered that the foreseen classification would be helpful only after a large amount of the words (may be two-three thousand) have been memorized. Therefore, I have modified the system. The idea was to establish such links between English and ABCL words so that (e. g while translation from English) an English equivalent of ABCL word should include something to evoke to ABCL word. The outcome was so (Examples):

Nouns: Consonant out of first (better both) letter of English noun will be fourth (fifth) letters of ABCL word. Examples: sölse-settlement; timne- news; car-vitca; father-salfa; mother-salma.

Verbs: First one (better two) letter of English verb constitutes adverted the last letter(s) of ABCL verb. In some cases however, first two letters of English verb are identical with the last two letters of ABCL verb (e.g. initiate = lin, bat=attract). For the groups beginning with the consonants “J” and “C” first three letters of English verb has been selected/adjusted as the ABCL verb (e.g. join= jon, justify =jus; connotate=con). The last consonant “c” has been used in ABCL sometime as “c” but also as “k” as requirement arises. For verbs staring with cluster “C*r” the ABCL verb follows the scheme “C.ı” (e.g. try = kıt). English verbs with prefix “ex-“ get the “_z” as third letter (explain=çez) or such with a vowel as initial letter will have “y” as last letter (biy=imagine).

Exemptions have been made however for verb groups having same category with nouns, i.e. if the verb-group with the consonants “mVs” associated with “faith-mus”-subtitle of the noun-category “m-s: psyche/faith”, the corresponding verb “mus-faith” will deviate from the said rule. In this case all nouns related to “faith” will have as first syllabise “musCV”, like “musfa=faith, musro=prophet, muspa= paradise).

Examples: get-get on; pid-disturb/discomfort; mes-see; meh-hear; lap-approach These rules are however not so strict. Other evocational approaches are possible such as “bim=mean” (similarly in sounding)

Adjectives:

ofo	foreign
ahü	hypocritical
olo	alone
agex	not gentle/unpolite
ave	weary
ayo	young

Adjective-Adverb-Conjunction-Preposition Relations/Hints: In many cases there are also some hints between adjectives-adverbs-conjunction or prepositions. Examples: ome (outside)-em (out: as adverb)- me (out (side): as preposition) where sometimes the letters are reversed such as “em-me” for adverbs and conjunctions. Adjective-Pronoun Hints: oşi (all)-iş (as adverb: all)-işi (as pronoun: all)

Verb to Noun: han-hanka (build-building); bun-bunde (educate-education).

Similar approach has been utilized also for adverbs, conjunctives and pronouns even limited.

This approach turned out to be quite useful after I have succeeded over 500 words to memorize already.

Also for derivational suffices some memory-hints have been conceived. For all verbal, adjectival and nominal noun derivations is the suffix “_sa” for “acting agent”, for langauge “_la”, for ideology “ya” (=pesya)_and for Scientifics “_ga” (hinting to “bünga=science)

Evocation/association/bridging is of course just assistance for supporting the remembrance/recall and shall not be relied much on it. We define just one noun of many synonyms in line with this approach. What to do with other remains also as open question? I create the noun “idea = binde” in line with this approach. If so, how should I recall synonyms “thought, concept, notion” if they are not defined individually? In this case, “notion=banno” was defined also (lucky!) but “concept” is put as synonym of notion as “notion/concept=banno” in one excel cell. It means if I search my memory for “concept” this approach will not help me, unless I try to find synonyms of “concept” and hit (by chance) at “notion”.

Another “bridging” approach/method is verb-noun relation for some suitable cases. E.g.: The verb “cam” means elapsing/passing of time. Accordingly, many nouns related to time begin in the first syllable with “cam” as camda (day), cambi (Monday) and other begin with the initial “c” such as cemti /time), cemsü (summer), cimçi (February) cömga (age).

LEXICON

ABCL lexicon has been set up as Excel matrixes separated for nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctives-prepositions and pronouns for ABCL-English. Easiest way is to use the search function of the Excel table in both directions. The matrixes could be also used to include a third language (e.g. native language) by the right-click “insert comment” button. The access to the Tables is possible through the URL page of Aybay, https://aydinbaykara.com or direct contact via e-mail (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com) for the interested conlangers. I work also on a “classical” lexicon listed as per alphabet order in line with my translation effort of my roman in ABCL (for time being it reached about 1850 words).

SAMPLE TEXT

Here is a text from “The Old Man and the Sea” translated in ABCL. (The particle in parenthesis indicates that it can be omitted for the first level. As seen, in English almost 60 percent more letters are required for the same expression.

“I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were [A b.bar.e (ite) o kuf.u a mü lu vitbö te (bab.o) odux koç.ono tümli.i] and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him [ve (du) a mef.i oşa vitbo şiş.e ve vanno (yo) o lüç.iş u] like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [ge doç.ço şirte omur ve uşe sanla meş.şe oşi ka a.]

The ABCL text now put to gather:

A bbare (du) o kufu a mü lu vitbö te (babo) odux kaçono tümlii ve (du) a mefi öşi vitbo şişe ve vanno (yo) o lüçiş u ge doçço şirte omuxr ve uşe sanla meşşe oşi ka a. (127 letters only, where the English text utilized 162 letters for the same.)

ABCL is considered completely developed for Level 1 with basic nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions particles, prepositions and pronouns already. The lexicon with about 8000 vocabularies would be sufficient for a fair communication.

ABCL is free for everyone except for commercial use.

Below is a large text translation from: (paragraph by paragraph)

The Old Man and the Sea

Solmo (ayox solma) sa Vinse

He was an old man who fished alone in a vessel/skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him.

U bab.o solmo to tüm.ü şenfi olo.r (mü) vitve mü G-S ve u yog.u six ki camda et nex latiş şenfi. Mü oyir kix camda solbo bab.u ne u.

But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week.

Su şa kix camda nex şenfi, solbo.z salpa çet.o u du solmo bab.o et bödr ve çenfir “salao”, ti babe benyü.z eş ego.x vusfu, ve solbo yog.o ma üz poyyoi (mü) öpo vitbo, ti kak.o fi ego şenfi oyi camva.

To see the old man that he come back each day with his empty skiff, made boy unhappy.ly and he always went down for helping him carrying either coil.ed lines or gaff and harpoon and sail that(ki o) was wrapped/furled around pole/mast

Meseş solmo du u yut.o öşö camda ne uz ufux vitve, bam.o solbo ahaxr ve u as yog.o omuxr şo fehiş u kac.iş pe koç.ono tümli.i so tümga ve tümha ve vitsa ti kıvon (ük) vitpo.

The sail was patched with flour sacks and furled, it looked like the flag permanent defeat of.

Vitsa dap.o.n ne denfu dünsa.i ve kıv.on, u mül.o ge çanfa yo upe fönde (fönde.z çanfa).

The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck (his neck’s back).

Solmo bab.o uti.x ve opü.x ne udi lıvvı.i mü uz sonhe.z vünba.

The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer (which) the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic see were on his cheeks.

Uce lob.boi yo abe sansi tenka (abe sansi tenka.z uce lobboi) ti vessu lib.e lü uz vüsre/ver.re (mu) vintö.do vinse bab.o mu uz sinfe.i.

The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords.

Lob.boi yun.o egor omuxr uz sinfa.z vünke ve uz sonyei bah.o udi-lıv.ono tünşai lü sah.ha uhe şenfi mu tümköi.

But none of these scars were fresh. They were old as erosions in a fishless desert.

Su ose tünşa.i.z işox bab.o ufex. Ü bab.o ayox ge vanyo mü şenfi.dox vinde.

Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same colour as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.

İşüti ga u bab.o ayox gü uz sinse.i ve ü bab.o esa vüsko ge vinse ve bab.o meç.ado ve fön.ono.x.

“Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the shore-side/bank from where the skiff was hauled up.

“Santiago,” solbo ças.o u he ü lic.o vinsö lü te vitve kah.on omur.

“I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.”

“A byog.e ne o üt. E bam.o oşo halmo”

The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.

Solmo bet.o solbo tümeş şenfi ve solbo mol.o u.

“No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”

“Ya,” solmo ças.o. “O bab.o ne banludo vitbo. Yaşeş ne ü”

“But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones(piece) every day for three weeks.”

“Su bareş tü o yog.o six pi camda nex şenfi ve ar e kak.o ubi bi çenpi öşü camda ho fi camva.”

“I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.”

“ A bar.e”, solmo ças.o. “A bon.e o lel.ox a be o bud.o.”

“It was papa (who) made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.”

“U bab.o salfa (to) lel.o.p a. A solbo ve a çfob.e u.”

“I know,” the old man said. “It is quite normal.”

“A bon.e” solmo ças.o“ Uç eno (bannu.do).”

“He hasn’t much faith.”

“U bah.e.x oşu musfa.”

“No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?”

“Ya,” solmo ças.o. “Su e bah.e. J.e bah.e.x?

‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.”

“Ay”, solbo ças.o. “J.a b.füt.e o denbü (mo) hante ve ra e lat.a çanşu pasha.”

“Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.”

“Ütüx?” solmo ças.o. “ Le şenfi.sa.i”

They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry.

Ü yis.o (mo) hante ve şenfi.sa.i.z oşu.ma (oşuma yo şenfi.sa.i) tom.o solmo ve u bab.o.x ana.

Others of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad.

İpoi yo aş ayo.x şenfi.sa.i, mul.o u ve bab.o asa.

But they did not show it and they spoke gently/politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady/permanent good weather and of what they had seen.

Su ü koş.o.x u ve ü çeş.o age.r ga vencü ve udi.ma.i te ü yud.o üz tümlii ve upe ego venve ve yo ta ü mes.o.

The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice lorry/truck to carry them to the market in Havana.

Osu camda.z suc.ado sulfii/şenfi.sa.i (yo osu camda) bab.o ey vünmü ve dub.o üz şenşö em ve kac.o ü yal.o.n ufu yanle ko çi hunpi, ne çi solma yüş.iş ma çenfi yo öşö hunpi, lu şenfi hanha te ü lav.o şo vönyi vitlo kacoş ü (lu) hinme in Havana.

Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides/skins skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting.

İsü to kak.o şenşai, lat.o ü (lu) şenşa hinfa mu öpo vunsi yo vinko te ü koh.o.n mu koh.ana, üz senlii lömo.n, üz sünfii kuc.o.n öl ve üz sansii diş.o.n ve üz sunfe kuc.o.n (mü)(lu) çenşii şo denso.t.to.

When the wind was in the east a smell came across the port/harbour from the shark factory; but today there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace.

Tu venvi bab.o mü vundo meş.şe yom.o ko honpo lü şenşa hinfa; su it efü vusyu yo çunda (enix meş.şe) bebo oş be venvi şab.o mü lu vunno ve ar yıd.o öl ve (mu) hante bab.o epü ve vessu.do(lo).

“Santiago,” the boy said.

“Santiago,” solbo ças.o.

“Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago.

“Ay” solmo ças.o. U loh.u uz dinga ve bit.ü (yo) oşu camya oy.

“Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?”

Ja byog.a em get.eş şenso.i şo u şo camta?

“No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the fishnet.”

“Ya. Yog.eş ve tep.eş tambe. A b.tor.e is ve Rogelio kuf.a tümne.”

“I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you, I would like to serve in some way.”

A mel.ek yog.eş. Fe a b.tüm.e.x şenfi ne o, a s.mil.ek feseş mü in (oşo honva).

“You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man”

“O hub.o a denbü”, solmo ças.o. “O bab.e ey solma.”

“How old was I when you first took me in a boat?”

“Üta cum(ga) a bab.o tu o lat.o oyir a mü vitbo?”

“Five and you (almost)nearly were killed when I brought the fish in to green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?”

“Li ve o pik.o.n.ç ah tu a lib.o şenfi mü lu öfö ve u ah let.o vitbo lu çenpi.i. J.o b.bar.e?

“I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.

“A b.bar.e sünta paş.iş ve çab.iş ve gub.aya kıb.iş ve vanno yo lüççü.

I can remember you flinging/throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.”

A b.bar.e (du) o kuf.u a mü lu vitbö te (bab.o) odıx kaç.ono tümli.i ve (du) a mef.i öşi vitbo şiş.e ve vanno (yo) o küç.iş u ge doç.ço şirte omuxr ve uşe sanla meş.şe oşi ka a.

“Can you really remember that or did I just tell it to you?”

“Jo bbar.e üh osu so ja çet.o oş u (lu) o?”

“I remember everything from when we first went together.”

“A bar.e işüti lü tu e yog.o oyir oç.”

The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes.

Solmo mul.o u ne uz vessu-kab.ono, aka mol.iko sinse.i

“If you were my boy(son) I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.”

“Fe o bab.e az solbo(salsa) a kat.ek o em ve tag.ek”, u ças.o. “Su o (bab.e) oz salfa.z ve oz salma.z ve o bab.e mü benlu.do vitbo.”

“May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.”

“Ja d.get.e şenso.i? A bon.e te a b.get.e ki tümba af”

“I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.”

“A lel.o iza lü camti. A kup.o ü mü denso mü dönbö.”

“Let me get four fresh ones.”

En a get.e ki ufe çenpi.

“One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises.

“Bi”, solmo ças.o. Uz bonho/bohho ve uz masko yog.ox ax. Su ü ufe.l.ü et eç tu venbe çir.e.

“Two,” the boy said.

“Çi”, solbo ças.o .

“Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?”

“Çi”, solmo sag.o. “O peş.ox ü?

“I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.”

“A peş.e.k” solbo ças.o. Su a hub.o ise”

“Thank you,” the old man said. He was too plain/simple to wonder when he had attained humility.

“Sat o”, solmo ças.o. U bab.o uş esi bov.eş tu u gay.o püh.hü.

But he knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride.

Su u bon.o du u gay.o u ve u bon.o du oso (u) bab.o.x pöndi.do (pönga.do.x) ve u kac.o.x ya gollo yo etu manpı.

“Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said.

“Camta bab.a ego camda ne osa vencü(vof.fo)” u ças.o.

“Where are you going?” the boy asked.

“Ote o yog.i ? solbo çay.o.

“Far/distant out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.”

“Edi em yom.eş mü tu venvi riş.e.m. A bav.e bab.eş em de vüsli.”

“I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. “Then if you hook truly big something we can come to your aid.”

“A lıt.a havepeş u edi em”, solbo ças.o. “Ar fe o tümhö.t.a etur ubi işüti, e b.yom.e lu oz pinye ”

“He does not like to work too far out.”

“U milex haveş uş edi em.”

“No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after (from behind of) dolphin.”

“Ya”, solbo ças.o. “Su a mes.a işüti du u b.mes.e.x öş eç şönbi hav.iş ve yomepeş u em (şa) şendoz lü omoxma.”

“Are his eyes that bad?”

“J. uz sinse.i ça (osu) ego.x?

“He is almost blind.”

“U ah oci”

“It is strange,” the old man said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.”

“Eno.x”, solmo ças.o. “U yog.o.x ax şentü.l.lü. İsu bab.e ta pik.e sinse.i”

“But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good

“Su o yog.o şentü.l.lü ho camya.i) lö Mosquito Coast ve oz sinse.i edi.

Little child, be not afraid: Ubix solça, mafeşx

Though rain pounds/knocks) harsh against the glass: Fo venre kon.e ume.x na vonga

Like an unwanted stranger: Ge bav.ono.x solfo

There is no danger: Banda beb.ex

I am here tonight: A bab.e ik ut

Little child, be not afraid: Ubix solça, mafeş.x

Though thunder explodes and lightning flash: Fo ventü çoz.e ve venli vaf.e

Illuminates: Vay.e

Your tear-stained face: Oz sanfü-lob.ono sinfa